Osteoarthritis associated with estrogen deficiency

Osteoarthritis (OA) is a very common chronic disease that affects all joint tissues, causing progressive irreversible damage and, finally, the failure of the joint as an organ [1]. Characteristic pathological changes in OA not only include joint cartilage degeneration but also subchondral bone thickening, osteophyte formation and synovial inflammation, all of which are associated with capsule laxitude and decreased muscle strength [1,2]... (Read Full Article)